China & Cybersecurity

China and Cybersecurity:

Espionage, Strategy, and Politics in the Digital Domain

Editors:

Jon R. Lindsay, jon.lindsay@utoronto.ca

Tai Ming Cheung, tcheung@ucsd.edu

Derek S. Reveron, derek.reveron@usnwc.edu

Oxford University Press, 2015

China’s influence in cyberspace parallels its meteoric economic growth and formidable military transformation. Western pundits and policymakers often single out Chinese hackers as a major threat to economic and national security. Chinese critics, by contrast, decry internet surveillance by the United States and American dominance in internet governance. To get beyond the hype, an understanding of China and cybersecurity requires a combination of international and interdisciplinary perspectives. The contributors to this volume—a diverse mix of scientists, scholars, and policy analysts from China, the U.S., Canada, and the U.K.—bring a balance of perspectives to bear on the issues. Even though they do not always agree with one another—an important point—they are able to identify important dynamics which will remain relevant even as new facts and opinions emerge. This volume contributes substantively to our understanding of China and cybersecurity by exploring how China’s domestic political and economic system shapes its cyber activities. The collaboration also stands as an example of how Chinese and Western experts, as Li Yuxiao stresses in his chapter, can work together to improve trust and understanding in an area of great mutual concern.

Table of Contents

Introduction: China and Cybersecurity, Controversy and Context

Jon R. Lindsay

I. Espionage and Cybercrime

The Chinese Intelligence Services: Evolution and Empowerment in Cyberspace

Nigel Inkster

From Exploitation to Innovation: Acquisition, Absorption, and Application

Jon R. Lindsay and Tai Ming Cheung

Investigating the Chinese Online Underground Economy

Zhuge Jianwei, Gu Lion, Duan Haixin, and Taylor Roberts

II. Military Strategy and Institutions

From Cyberwarfare to Cybersecurity in the Asia-Pacific and Beyond

Ye Zheng

Chinese Writings on Cyber Warfare and Coercion

Kevin Pollpeter

The Chinese People’s Liberation Army Computer Network Operations Infrastructure

Mark A. Stokes

Civil-Military Integration in Cybersecurity: A Study of Chinese Information Warfare Militias

Robert Sheldon and Joe McReynolds

III. National Cybersecurity Policy

China’s Cybersecurity Situation and the Potential for International Cooperation

Li Yuxiao and Xu Lu

Evolving Legal Frameworks for Protecting Internet Privacy in China

Xu Jinghong

“Foreign Hostile Forces”: The Human Rights Dimension of China’s Cyber Campaigns

Sarah McKune

IV. Practical and Theoretical Implications

China and Information Security Threats: Policy Responses in the United States

Fred H. Cate

Conclusion: The Rise of China and the Future of Cybersecurity

Jon R. Lindsay and Derek S. Reveron

Reviews

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